The structure of the atom is very interesting indeed. Atoms are essentially complex structures made up of numerous atomic nuclei and particles with definite sequence and shape. Every atom has a definite number of protons (poles), electrons (positrons) and neutrons (uniformly positive charge). In actuality, it’s the sequence of the neutrons and protons in the atom that decide the atomic isotope.
The structure of the atom is also based on the Law of Conservation of Energy. In this law, energy cannot be destroyed or created, only changed from one state to another. Now you know why the Law of Conservation of Energy is applicable not only to the atomic but also to the macroscopic world including humans! atoms are masses of highly energetic particles that are found everywhere in nature. The nucleus of an atom is packed with innumerable electrons, protons (atoms’ nuclei) and neutrons (atoms’ neutrally charged particles).
The nucleus of an atom, as we have mentioned above, is composed of hydrogen (which is a neutral element), oxygen (also a non-neutral element), silicon (an element with two electrons), and the nucleus of beryllium (a boron-carbon bond). The structure of the atom is so complex that in order to study it, various methods are employed. One of which is the use of baryonic particle spectroscopy wherein various substances with different chemical composition are detected by analyzing the absorption or distribution of specific wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation by the baryon.
The atomic mass or weight of any atomic substance is decided by the proton number or orbital configurations of particles. The stability of atomic mass also depends on the degree of electron shells. The number of protons determines the stability. Higgs boson discovered by James Clerk Maxwell, the standard model of subatomic particles, determined the structure of the atom. Higgs bosons are very heavy and very unstable.
Every atom contains hydrogen, helium and neon together with several rare isotopes. The arrangement of nuclei is such that each nucleus can only bear a single proton. The number of neutrons present in an atom is enough to give birth to its nucleus. The structure of the atom is so complex that a complete description is beyond the scope of this article.
The measurement of structure was first used by Radio Wave Science experiments in early 1950s. This research by Professor Richard Feynman and his team was successful in determining the density of subatomic particles. Later, this same research team succeeded in determining the strength of electromagnetic attraction and became the first to calculate and record the time taken for the evolution of any system, be it a crystal or a rock. All this was done with the help of radio signals and it paved the way for new and revolutionary approaches to science.
During the last decades, the use of these signals was again developed using a different but equally important technique – Independance Particle Science (IP). This is a technique which measures the imbalance of an atom due to its electron arrangement. The use of this technique gave a quantitative measure of the number of proton’s which is needed for the atoms to become a complete atom. Using this method, the scientists were able to determine the structure of the atom in terms of electron arrangements.
The latest addition to the family of techniques measuring the structure of the atom is called as Quantum Perturbation Analysis (QPA). It measures the time evolution of a system through which a weak interaction is formed between a nucleus and a molecule. The QPA technique measures the time evolution of atoms with a two-handed system called the dipole. The experiment used two such systems which are in a state of polarity, namely the highly excited one and the neutral one. It was found out that when a molecule is formed in a solution of hydrogen and oxygen and the hydrogen atoms become highly excited they move into the region of the ring structures which form the hydrogen bonds. The QPA measurement gives us the information about the location and the number of such atoms that can form hydrogen bonds and ultimately the bonding with other molecules.